Guest post - on building a tech base

Guest post from the Statesman.
All content belongs to the Statesman, Kolkata - but this is worth reproducing here.

From body shop to hi tech

8 November 2011

The tendency of India’s government and its industrial sector to play safe when it comes to technological invention will prove disastrous in the long run if more emphasis is not put on research and development, writes arunabha bagchi

A new controversy regarding IIT graduates made headlines recently in India. It was sparked off by comments made by Mr Narayan Murthy at the IIT 2011 Global Conference in New York while ruing the poor quality of recent IITs graduates. His contention was that the quality of students gaining admission to the IITs had deteriorated over the years owing to overemphasis on coaching classes. Chetan Bhagat, a well-known writer and an IIT graduate, hit back, wondering how could someone, who ran a “body shop and calls it hi-tech”, make such sweeping comments.
While Bhagat’s observations about Infosys were just as candid as Mr Murthy’s take on the quality of recent IIT graduates, the point worth exploring is whether the perception that IT bellweathers such as Infosys are no more than mere body-shops and not really pioneering centres of technological excellence holds good or not. Newspaper articles and books churned out by American and Indian presses would give a layman the impression that Indians are giving a tough competition to Americans in the technology race with only the Chinese still in the reckoning. Japan and Europe already seem to have disappeared from the picture. A glance at an article titled Special Report: Technology in India and China that appeared in the 8 November, 2007 issue of The Economist, made it clear that outside of the pharmaceutical and software sectors, India finds hardly any mention. Our technology handicap in other sectors of the world economy cannot be more glaring. What is also surprising is that while the article lauded the remarkable success of the Indian pharmaceutical industry and had special words of praise for Biocon, to name a few, it pointed out: “Few Indian firms are creating drugs, rather than recreating them.” Furthermore, according to The Economist, exports of indigenous software comprised a tiny fraction of the Indian IT industry’s total service exports. Most telling was the comment of the then head of the National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom), Mr Kiran Karnik: “…companies are either born as product companies or as service companies, not both. Scribes want to become better scribes. To be a poet, you probably need to be born as one”. This is likely what Bhagat had in mind when he had reacted to Mr Muthy’s comments. Why should we then bother about the deteriorating quality of IIT engineers? The truly bright among the IIT graduates should be busy inventing products for companies in the West. Perhaps the not-so-brilliant ones would serve India’s interests better!
How does one then reconcile this scenario with the barrage of good Press that the “India story” seems to be enjoying? Well, it would seem that this had been made possible by a twist in the tale provided by desi and phoren business gurus. They put the thrust on “innovation”, as opposed to “invention” to forecast India’s continuing high growth in the foreseeable future. Roughly speaking, innovation has three levels: “know how”, “know why” and “invention”. “Know how” means learning and tweaking the production process, better quality control, making slight adjustments to the technology already in use and adopting other minor measures to improve business performance. “Know why” involves delving into the technology in use and improving the design by trial and error. This is commonly known as “reverse engineering”. The third level, of course, is genuine technological invention. In fact, a subtitle in the 8 November, 2007 issue of The Economist suggests: “A new way of mixing existing technologies is also innovation.” The argument often advanced is that India has unlimited potential in this broad area of technological innovation.
In fact, the World Bank and other organisations advise India against making large investments in technological inventions. A report put out by one such organisation argues that traditional companies in India are so inefficient that just improving the functioning of a vast majority of them in order to bring them to the level of the few well-run ones would increase India’s production by five-fold. So, the World Bank and other moneybags of the world recommend that India remain in the “know how” stage and protect the impressive growth rate witnessed during the last decade without disturbing the status quo. But, given India’s lack of “inclusive innovation”, this growth model is bound to hit a wall in the medium term. International experts do not advise India to even dabble in the “know why” stage of innovation. The argument is that the “know why” stage does not give much of an immediate return though it is, of course, an essential step to reach the invention stage that guarantees an enormous return ~ something enjoyed by the developed economies. India is warned again and again that any policy favouring investment in invention would be very expensive, highly uncertain and unnecessarily stressful.
So, how does India fare by international standards in the matter of technological innovation? The World Competition Index: 2011-2012 prepared by the World Economic Forum puts India in the 38th place in the field of “Innovation” ~ way above Pakistan but nothing to write home about. A closer scrutiny makes it clear that India would have done far worse but for the economic meltdown of the former USSR and some Soviet bloc countries during the 1990s. But India is advised to remain optimistic. For any country, optimism of such a nature is derived from its level of “technological readiness” or, the current state of human resources in a country deemed necessary for successful absorption of new technologies. Another glance at the World Competition Index: 2011-2012 made it clear that India has very little to be optimistic about for the simple reason that it ranks 93rd under the head “Technological Readiness”. In fact, in terms of both innovation and technological readiness, India is doing no better than Indonesia ~ a country that is rarely mentioned by business gurus.
India’s poor performance in technological readiness is a very serious matter and needs a separate discussion. It will be appropriate at this stage to recount India’s efforts to develop innovative technology since Independence. Even before Independence, top Indian scientists had been making plans. The final strategy adopted was two-fold: to develop strategic technologies and to help foster indigenous technologies for both capital and consumer goods through import substitution. The first strategy led to the birth of Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (Barc) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro). The success of both Barc and Isro is now well known. The only pity is that the technology developed in these centres did not appear to have much of a spin-off effect on the industry as it happens in developed countries. To implement the second strategy, diverse government-run research centres were set-up under the aegis of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Research undertaken in these centres had only a marginal impact on the private sector. Big companies catering to sheltered markets were not particularly interested. And, import substitution efforts resulted in horrible inefficiency, obsolete technology, shoddy products and the license raj.
There was also a parallel effort by the government to create a technologically-trained workforce by setting up a number of IITs, complemented by National Institutes of Technology and other engineering colleges. India’s best and the brightest were attracted to IITs because of their world-class facilities. Some of the IIT graduates went on to become highly-successful engineers and scientists abroad, mostly in the USA. The opportunities for successful invention offered by the Indian industry were, however, limited. So, in effect, India eventually gave some very expensive gifts to the West. No wonder, IITs received universal acclaim and the attention of multinational corporations.
With economic liberalisation, efforts were undertaken by the government to provide fiscal incentives for research and development (R&D) in the private sector at the expense of R&D in government-run research institutions. As such, one would expect the private sector to invest more in R&D in the new economic climate. Expenditure on R&D as a share of the gross national product (GNP) is an important indicator of a country’s level of innovation. In the case of India, this share steadily increased from 0.17 per cent in 1958-59 to 0.98 per cent in 1987-88 and thereafter started declining before settling around 0.8 per cent. This confirms the general perception that India’s technology remains primarily in the “know how” stage, despite the fact that huge profits made after economic liberalisation by Indian companies have given them the wherewithal to move into the “know why” stage. We know that Japan, and later South Korea and Taiwan, deployed the “know why” strategy extremely successfully in the years following World War II. It would seem that the only exception to the rule has been delivered by India’s pharmaceutical industry that has clearly crossed over to the “know why” stage.
While writing this article, I tuned in to the BBC World Service just when the presenter was announcing that Europe’s first satellite-navigation (sat-nav) spacecraft, developed as part of its Galileo mission, had been launched into orbit. This sat-nav system is Europe’s answer to the GPS system ~ developed originally for defense, and now used widely for civilian purposes all over the world ~ put into orbit earlier by the USA. I recalled that at the planning stage of the Galileo mission, the USA had put every conceivable pressure directly and indirectly through Great Britain, to dissuade the European Union from going ahead with the mission. The argument advanced was that the GPS system was available to everyone for free and to try to develop an alternative system would be very expensive, highly uncertain and unnecessarily stressful. Sounds familiar? The stance of European Commission’s Vice-President Mr Antonio Tajani, as reported on the BBC website could not have been clearer. “Galileo is at the heart of our new industrial policy,” Mr Tajani said once the separation (of satellites from rockets) confirmation had come through. “We must commit very strongly to Galileo. We need this; this not entertainment. This is necessary for the competitiveness of European Union.”
When will policymakers and business leaders show the same determination in India? To not move our focus beyond the “know how” stage in order to play safe with economic growth will prove disastrous in the long run. Our nuclear and space research must find a resonance in the industrial sector. Even more important is to develop an indigenous defense industry with a strong research base. The civilian spin-off of defense technology would give a big boost to new inventions and the private sector can play a major part in this endeavour. Indian business houses must spend far more on R&D than they do at the moment. The ultimate key is in forming a research triangle involving universities, government-run research institutions and the private industry so that India’s “Innovation” ranking climbs steadily. Only then will India be able to shed its “body shop” sensibilities and put its economy on the “hi-tech” track.

The writer is ex-dean and professor of applied mathematics at University of Twente, The Netherlands

Rain

Shohorebrishti, the name of this blog means "rain in the city". It relates to a song by Suman Chattopadhyay, from his album 'Jatiswar'. I want to present here, this guest post from today's Statesman, where this writer (Tanya Ghosh) remembers the rain. At times reminiscent of Gerald Durrel and also Anita Desai, this is a wonderful little article.

One monsoon day

Tanya Gupta
Memories are funny. Of the billions of experiences, only a handful remain embedded in our grey matter. If they are pleasant, they are a source of comfort on difficult days. If the memories are not really wanted, they continue to haunt us, casting a shadow on happier days.
A remote small town somewhere in West Bengal. The skies darken, the clouds rumble and women scurry to remove clothes hung out to dry.
Children, asked to help their mother, are excited at the urgency of the task. Those too small to reach the clotheslines are asked to shut the windows. In older houses that have seen better times, women and children put pails in areas where the roof leaks.
Even the breeze seems to anticipate what is coming and its quality changes, carrying smells that become sharper and travel quickly. The smell of rajnigandha with a boring English name, tube rose, the night blooming jasmine (raat ki rani) fill the air with their strong scents. And then, without waiting for the mass of humanity to be fully prepared, thunder crashes somewhere and large drops of water fall on the dry earth. As the ground starts to grow moist, it gives off a smell that is elemental and primordial. Wet patches quickly grow and the ground becomes wet and sticky.
And the rain now comes down in all its fury. In the open field, boys take off their shirts, and a ball appears from nowhere, they kick it back and forth casually; and then someone shouts, two teams form and the game starts in right earnest. Players run across the field, with bare muddy feet, exhilarated to be fighting the elements and playing the good game. It is a moment perhaps they will remember and cherish later on in their lives.
In most houses, the focus is also elemental, but it is on food and not sport. “Monsoon snacks” are prepared. Young girls sit in the veranda and chat; then one sings a line of a song, the other runs in and gets a harmonium, and suddenly there is song, and if spirits are high, then even dance. Hot snacks arrive and for the moment all the senses are satisfied!
A little girl visiting her grandmother’s looks wide-eyed at the torrents of rain falling on the earth. The rain falls and falls and it does not seem that it will ever stop.
The boys finish their game and go home triumphantly to a scolding from their worried mothers (“if you fall sick now you can take care of yourself”), the girls finish their chai and singing and pack their instruments up and go inside. The buckets holding rain water have been replaced twice.
And yet the rain continues to fall. The girl wonders what will happen if it does not stop! She goes to sleep. When she awakens, the rain has stopped. The girl peeps outside.
The street is flooded but the rain water has stopped just short of the first step to their house. Any more rain and the house would have been flooded!
Her grandmother tells her what a good idea it was to build their house a little higher than everybody else’s ~ it was built for the monsoon.
The girl doesn’t pay much attention; instead, she imagines the house floating away in the sea, for miles and miles, she imagines building a boat and exploring the huge garden, which is now a large lake; she imagines monsters lurking in the water, the “monsoon monsters” she calls them.
He grandmother sees her looking out and forbids her to go outside. Putting the little girl in her mother’s charge, she goes off for her afternoon bath. As soon as she is gone, her mother turns to her, and says: “So what are you waiting for? Let’s go!”
The girl’s eyes open wide. She says: “Really?”
And off they go! The little girl has never been in a swimming pool and this is so much better! Her mother tightens her sari around her and holding the girl’s hands firmly, steps into the water.
Water is up to the girl’s neck. Perhaps the next twenty minutes are some of the most blissful moments for the little girl. From imagining underwater monsters, and walking around the once-familiar garden to “Mum, I am swimming!” It is an unforgettable monsoon day.
Soon, it’s over. They hold hands ~ a woman who is still a girl at heart, and the little girl ~ and return to the house.

Corruption at the core: the seamy side of a resurgant India.

From today's Statesman editorial.

Canker at the core
How Corruption Permeates The Critical Sectors

By YP Gupta

Corruption has been spreading at all levels of society. It has permeated academic institutions, public personalities, high-ranking officials, doctors, scientists, engineers, and academics. Transparency International’s global corruption report (2007) has revealed that bribes amounting to Rs 2,630 crore are being paid every year to officials of the lower Indian judiciary. Its earlier report had described India as one of the most corrupt nations in the world, with a dubious distinction of ranking among the top 55 nations in terms of corruption.
The unethical practices and the decline in moral values have corrupted a greed-based society. A number of IAS, IPS, MCD, DDA and bank officials have been arrested on charges of corruption. Also, illegal gratification by some judges has had a damaging effect on the judiciary.
The Central Information Commission recently came across a case of forgery, impersonation and falsification of documents against the holder of a fake MBBS degree from Sri Venkateswara University in Tirupati. He had managed to obtain the MD degree in paediatrics from AIIMS by submitting false documents. He also duped the University of Maryland Medicine Centre (USA) and the American Board of Paediatrics. This alleged doctor was exposed when he was experimenting with viagra on children, resulting in some deaths.

Medical admission

A medical admission racket through a coaching centre has been recently unearthed in Kolkata. Earlier, a verdict by a Delhi court convicted an individual of selling fake “medical degrees”. It was detected that around 40,000 such fake degrees were issued by him across the country. The Indian Medical Association had described such doctors as quacks. A principal of a public school was arrested for selling fake CBSE marksheets to failed students in connivance with board officials.
There is a fool-proof racket in the leakage of questions. It operates like a professionally-run business with a nationwide criminal network. The leakage of an MCA question paper of IGNOU, that of the AIIMS entrance examination paper and that of the pre-medical paper of the central board form only the tip of the iceberg. The leakage of question papers for the Common Admission Test (CAT) for the premier management institutes has undermined the credibility of our centres of excellence.
A chairman of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission along with former UPSC members and the controller of examinations were arrested and chargesheeted for taking bribes and replacing the answer papers of unsuccessful examinees. A chairman of the Orissa Public Service Commission was once suspended for irregularities. And the Bihar State University Service Commission’s office was sealed because of irregularities in the selection of lecturers. Also, a former president of the Medical Council of India was held guilty of corruption by Delhi High Court.
A former vice-chancellor of Himachal Pradesh University was arrested for corruption. A former vice-chancellor of Utkal University was indicted for financial irregularities. The former Kerala chief secretary and ex-vice-chancellor of Sree Sankara University of Sanskrit was sentenced to two years’ rigorous imprisonment on corruption charges. A senior computer programmer of Delhi University along with her husband and the candidate’s father were held guilty of criminal conspiracy and forgery by a Delhi court for increasing the candidate’s marks in the MBBS entrance test.
A former vice-chancellor and registrar of Visva-Bharati University were arrested in a fake marksheet case. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) had sought a probe into the omissions and commissions in respect of financial irregularities by the ayurvedic colleges in Bihar. The CBI had chargesheeted a former Meerut University vice-chancellor, his daughter and two officials for forging certificates to get her a job.
Bihar universities have the dubious distinction of issuing fake degrees. BR Ambedkar Bihar University (Muzaffarpur) is notorious. Many of its degrees, including medical, have been found to be fake. The two vice-chancellors of BN Mandal and LNM Mithila Universities (Bihar) were arrested in the fake BEd degree racket. The BN Mandal University is reported to have been selling post-graduate degrees in science for Rs 50,000 each even to those who were not admitted to any of the colleges. The vigilance department has estimated that more than 10,000 persons from Bihar, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh obtained such post-graduate degrees.
Professional ethics are brazenly violated in certain institutions of learning. There are serious allegations of corruption and financial bungling against the vice-chancellors of UP universities, and that of Rajasthan and Pondicherry universities. Marks or admissions are often manipulated. The credibility of Delhi University’s examination system has been under a cloud because three senior professors were removed from service for grave misconduct. One of them was indicted for manipulating the admission of his son to the MBA course.
An inquiry into admissions to the post-graduate medical courses in the seven state-run medical colleges of UP exposed a huge racket. Indeed, the examination system has become defective and is open to manipulation.
At least 30,000 quacks are thriving in Delhi. They claim to be practitioners of alternative medicine, and have been prescribing spurious drugs as indigenous medicines. The Delhi government is contemplating suitable action and an anti-quackery bill is on the anvil. The Medical Council of India has revoked the licences of 12 fake doctors with forged certificates. The Karnataka government has initiated action to prosecute quacks who claim miraculous cures for chronic illnesses.

Armed forces

The armed forces have also lost credibility owing to widespread corruption in their ranks. Twelve senior defence officers have been chargesheeted for corruption, going by a reply to a query in the Rajya Sabha. There has been an erosion of values and conduct within the defence services.
It is unfortunate that there is hardly any deterrent effect on corrupt officials as the process of conviction is slow, and has not made an impact. Consequently, corruption has been flourishing with more and more instances coming to light. It is difficult to visualise a corruption-free society because those who profess probity in public life and proclaim to curb corruption are not serious in introducing reforms.
Drastic changes and reforms are imperative to weed out unethical professional and corrupt practices from our academic and public institutions. The process of conviction needs to be speeded up. Apart from recommending legislation to protect whistle-blowers, the Administrative Reforms Commission has suggested a new piece of legislation ~ Corrupt Public Servants (forfeiture of a property) Bill, to curb corruption. The recent landmark ruling by the Supreme Court that public servants can be prosecuted without mandatory government sanction should have a deterrent effect on corrupt officials and politicians. There is need for transparency and accountability in our academic and public institutions, including the judiciary.

(The writer is ex-Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi)